Drug Prohibition in Australia: Critiques

medicate Prohibition in Australia CritiquesIntroductionA banish ment nonice prohibits a person from carrying on true activities which involves a serious ad hominem injury until corrective action is initiated. Consumption of do medicatess spoils lives is not a new thought but the identical has not been seriously con side of meatred. One of the methodologies enforced glob solelyy is to implement restriction. Several studies have suggested that the prohibition based approach have upholdd to be a failure and atomic reckon 18 futile. Needless(prenominal)(prenominal) to emphasize that out equityed do drugss ca exp completeiture impairment both physic al whizy and kindly. Drugs are major headache for exclusively states. Drugs corrupt people and undermine auberge. Drugs make people risky for do work, unfit for parenting and unworthy for citizenship. Prohibition leads to capacious black market in illegal drugs (Pryce, 2012). Drug consumption has worse impact as its usage does not satisfy hunger satis plantion rather the users try to find alternatives. in that location may be variant methods for reducing the consumption of illegitimate drugs but prohibition has been the nearly reliable method found by all countries. It is, however, observed that prohibition has not been able to provide positive outcome. The easy availability, improver in drug related crimes and ruining of number of lives having dependence on drugs evidence those innovative steps or multiple actions are required to curb the consumption of illicit drugs. The drug fight has remained as a priority for all political parties but it appears that it has largely been misunderstood and no concrete steps have been taken to solve the ever rising problems. One section of the enquiryers suggested legalizing the use of drugs but this debatable issue especially considering all drugs fecal matternot be legalized. Drug abuse remained as a serious issue in our frenzyure as self-importance m edication remains in practice for long and depressed people self medicate just for tolerance purposes. Prohibition policy is becoming policy of violence as holding banned drugs go forth take consumers behind jails and if the drug abusers are strong there is risk of life for the regulating agencies (Vibes, 2012).Main BodyAll the drugs for consumption cannot be ordinate under legally permitted because of the different citationistics. Prohibition of drugs is a fundamental issue but one segment of society suggests that concept of punishment is as old as Stone climb on and prohibition is an inherently violent policy. There is suggestion for reforms in Drug Policy segregating which drug is more harmful than the early(a), how to prevent consumption of illicit drugs. To rivet on drug problems in Australia, it is pertinent to refer that records indicate that 22% of Australian population during 1998 took drugs at least once a year which is five dollar bill times more than the global a verage. by and by reviewing the seriousness, strategy do by Australian rulers was tough to reduce the drug supply and trafficking which caused reducing in conduct and harm caused by drugs. Till 2008 there was significant decline in drug use levels. Review of Australian initiatives by amending drug policy indicates that drug use levels declined significantly after 1988. One of the steps taken by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is to increase the body of cognition acquirable to policy makers to improve the global efforts to combat the threat posed by drugs.Alternative to prohibition is to implement better overcome over sellers betability and drug safety. Needless to say those drugs are sold in black market when the prohibition is enforced and there is no accountability amongst the sellers. Second alternative is reduction in availability of drugs to children. Culture also plays an important part e.g. even if there is no legal age restrictions on alcohol, the soci etal and family norms exit prove to be stiff by preventing children from than a formal prohibition policy. Thirdly, the steps initiated by Government to encourage genuine treatment for addicts are to avoid the pathway of punishment to deal with the friendly problem of drug addiction. All these actions shoot to be implemented as prohibition is not able to prevent the harm rather it is causing more harm in some(a) upshots. Past research studies confirm that drug-related offences account for 6 per cent of criminal cases and some 11 per cent with punishment of behind the bars (Ergas, 2012).Prohibition has been seen as a solution but the real causes have not been targeted and alternate solutions have not been implemented due to number of reasons influenced by political administrations. Law enforcement and criminalisation are linked to prohibition though other possible options to focus generally on the health and brotherly effects of drug use have not been given consideration to large extent. History confirms that Governments in Australia often use harsh measures for the illicit drug use and drug users. It is not in line with the steps taken for two other psychoactive drugs in general use in Australia, nicotine and alcohol. They are not prohibited, though associated with health, social and economic costs to reality and society than the currently illegal drugs. It has been observed that in case of nicotine there has been decline in use after the regulation, taxation and social control have been invoked. scarcely n both drug is prohibited. Instead, they are controlled not by organized crime, but by governments. The impact of invoking certain regulations provide boost for policy compounds. It is prompting public discussions about prohibition of drugs, searching alternatives to existing criminalization approach and acceptance of the one found to be effective and acceptable to majority. This is need of the time as large number of upstart Australian deaths c annot be set asideed to continue. In addition to the two-year-old deaths, large number of people suffers the short and long term health consequences of drug dependence, unsafe injecting practices and infections. There is decline in social standards as fami pillows suffer due to these drug abuses. It has been, therefore, suggested to reopen the national debate about drug use, its regulation and control. As suggested by other countries, change in culture and need to link parents and young people in this cause will have a major shift away from prohibition and major decline in use of illicit drugs. There has been opposition to prohibition in Australia and other countries. Public opinion is against prohibition which provides boost in production, distribution, and control of illicit drugs into the hands of criminals and increases their corruptive influence. There is more harm resulting from prohibition which overshadows the gains from efforts by police to curb the criminal drug industry . This is in fact trustworthy by many another(prenominal) politicians, police, researchers and leaders of civil society across the world. Major drawbacks of prohibition are large number of young Australian deaths annually and loss of shell and puritanicalty. Internationally too, the war on drugs is bemused by prohibition which has prompted them to look into rethinking of international strategies about prohibition and the treaties and conventions. Another factor is the huge profits from the black market trade in drugs, these amounts to an ounce of heroin costing many times more than an ounce of gold. It has made the criminals more resourceful than law enforcement authorities which hamper the success that police can attain to reduce the supply of drugs. Prohibition causes an increase in the price of drugs and an increase in criminal profits and activities. It is fact that after decades of implementing prohibition in Australia, there is an easy availability of the banned drugs i n streets and prisons which confirm that young people are surviving these supplies. Huge public funds used for implementing prohibition laws have gone waste looking into the growth of drug use. Had these resources been allocated and directed for health and social issues the results could have been different. Social cause is one of the most important criteria for any country. With the use of drugs there are increased chances of harm to individual drug users and their families. great portion of this public harm is towards the younger generation and their families, mainly due to failure of the national policy of prohibition and criminalization. It has been suggested that national drug policy should be based on what is beneficial to the country and society as a whole and what factors differ from international actions (Australia 21).Liberalization of drug policy is supposed to increase the number of drug abusers, though there are no studies to choke off this presumption. In fact the co nclusion is otherwise as in case of hangmans rope policy it is summarized that after all-inclusiveization USA, Canada and South Australia, the consumption level did not change and was at similar levels or diminutiond following liberalization. It is evident from the studies for all countries cited above, after having adopted liberalized cannabis policy they have experienced a substantial reduction in law enforcement costs. Prohibition has not except set about failure in Australia but on the international scale too. The drug abuse is known to have serious impact in 80 countries and prohibition could not help in curbing the spread of drug abuse. The spread of use of illicit drugs is more prevalent in developing countries. There can be different reasons e.g. transport, distribution and financing of the illicit drugs trade is increasing and the difficulties of trying to stop this trade are becoming more complicated with all passing year. In view of international failure of the poli cy of prohibition, it is not surprising that real alternatives to prohibition are being considered. In the United Kingdom, there have been relaxations in punishment of people caught with possession of certain quantities of drugs. People caught may not be charged if they are found to be initiatory timers. Many countries including Netherlands and the Swiss are now moving slowly towards drug policy reform. In USA, there are number of reforms for the drug policies and there is less support for prohibition and there are number of steps to be materialized. Other issue is reforms in drug policies which remains debatable amongst the conglomerate segments of society and political parties. In spite of the fact that reforms are slow, these cannot be ignored as this is a major issue and needs to be given importance. Drug policy reform is thought to be major alternative to the prohibition. In one of the cases, heroin was prescribed by medical practitioners and the dispensing of this drug by ph armacists was put to the House of Representatives in Canberra. Suggestions that drug law reform led to reduction in drug abuse have been found to be more effective e.g. in The Netherland, Dutch people are found to be the lowest users of cannabis in Europe considering Netherlands policy being one of the most liberal in Europe. In UK, British crime Survey, the proportion of 16 to 24 year-olds using cannabis has declined from 28% in 2000 to 21% after the downgrading of the drugs to class C. It has been suggested that use of drugs by minors causes more difficulty in controlling prohibition. It is effective policy i.e. causing accountability to seller to ensure they only sell drugs to adults, peculiar(prenominal) drugs must be legalized and sellers are under given license. Prohibition has been providing opportunity to sellers to remain hidden and they remain underground to earn huge money (Kerlikowske, 2010).There has been large number of events in the late years evidencing that natio nal and international recognition of serious concern related to criminalization of drugs is producing more social and geopolitical harm than benefits. There is urgency for taking new approach with future policy based on community representing and sound research. In the recent Sydney symposium organized by Fairfax, large number of excellent studies with regard to prohibition confirming the steps taken for social cause was debated. Based on the factors that the Australian drug policy has been shaped by a national strategy around three pillars, the requirements are to look into accountability part of the supply side by supply reduction to reduce the availability of drugs with legislation and law enforcement.Change in demand reduction can be through prevention and treatment services and social awareness about the adverse impacts of usage. Recommendations done at various forums are to develop various forums for the reopening of the debate about drug policy (Douglas, 2012).There had bee n various control measures in USA for curbing the practice of use of illicit drugs. In 1971 President Nixon had declared war on drugs but failed. The outcome was reviewed and made public that policy of full strength against the production, supply and consumption of illegal drugs has not worked. It is easy in the highly-developed countries to buy these drugs as per wishes of consumer. It is multibillion dollar global industry having enriched mighty criminal cartels and also posing a threat to the countries. In view of the above, to quote tilt of former president of Brazil that It is time to admit the obvious, and The war on drugs has failed need to be considered seriously. Change in society and culture is equally important. Responsibilities of the public is most important In Britain, more than half(prenominal) a million people aged 16-24 took cocaine last year and more than a ordinal of all Britons aged 16-59 have taken drugs at some point in their lives one in 10 in the last year . These major portions of societies need a major cultural change as it can lead to addiction and enter in crimes to fund their habit. The solution of much(prenominal) problems does not lie in prohibition alone some combined efforts are needed for all the countries impacted by this underground industry (The Observer, 2009).ConclusionBeyond doubt, all must acknowledge that prohibition is a failed policy. Even after spending billions of dollars in Australia on prohibiting drugs the country has one of the highest rates of drug usage in the world, including so-called party drugs used by young people. There are different arguments for reform, including its political bipartisanship. This has been highlighted by the experts from the Australia 21 forums confirming with the vast majority of doctors, public assistance workers, lawyers and others who work at the coalface of drugs policy each day. It is hence a fact the prohibition alone is unable to stop rather it is literally killing, injuri ng and hurting young Australians who use illicit drugs because of our irrational obsession with prohibition. It is time to stop the prohibition process and initiate actions to produce policies that actually work. Over the past decade research studies have suggested that from chronological events, change in polices there is strong shift in public opinion in favor of drug policy reforms. This is in spite of the fact that there has been no public debate organized by countries or indulging in any independent enquiry in this serious issue. Contrary to this, there is still one section of public support for the continuation of prohibition of illicit drugs or else of legalizing and regulating the use of these substances. such(prenominal) studies refer to incidents in USA also wherein 82% of those polled by the Family Research Association in 1998 were meetd to the legalization of heroin and cocaine in the same manner as alcohol is legal. Similarly, during the year 2009, a Gallup poll conc luded 54% of those polled were against the legalization of cannabis. In Australia, which has had the highest levels of illicit drug use, in Organization for economical Co-operation and Development (or OECD) countries do not support the legalization of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines, and 79% do not support the legalization of cannabis as per survey conducted in 2007. Experience of prohibition has not been successful in majority of countries. In fact conventional wisdom application helped more to frame and amend the policies on intoxicants prove to be effective. Prohibition in consumption of alcohol also failed and generally speaking that drug prohibition is destined to fail too seems to be in order. However, notwithstanding ones position on the success or failure of alcohol prohibition, there are key differences between that policy and modern-day drug enforcement that renders a comparison almost useless for serious policy analysis. Public opinion states that prohibition has failed and there is need for managed legislation to curb this practice. Experienced law firms opine that war on drugs is not responsibility of courts as courts only practice what is referred to in the laws. There is need for political will for not to bring out a harsh environment in relation to drugs. Politicians focus is wrong and the real cause of addiction needs to be targeted. People suggest that drugs must be made legal for the use subject to terms and conditions.Domesticity and Motherhood in the UK 1919-1939Domesticity and Motherhood in the UK 1919-1939A surrender to municipality and maternal quality in Britain in the years 1919-1939This dissertation analyses the extent of womens coming back to domesticity and motherhood in Britain in the years 1919-1939. Applying to the primary sources taken from womens magazines, newspapers and novels and utilising the feminist approach and the social constructionist approach, the research identifies social, political and historical reasons to explain womens position at the send-off of the twentieth century.The findings of the paper suggest that after the First innovation state of war the country began to revive the cult of domesticity, returning to the traditional stereotypes in regard to feminines. Those women who continued to work were rejected by society. However, British women managed to turn the principles of domesticity and motherhood into a new direction, combining their domestic duties with professional careers. Thus, some received results are consistent with the previous researches, art object other results provide new findings, concerning the discussed issue. In this regard, the interwar revitalization of domesticity does not represent womens loss of independence, but instead contributes to the creation of a new womanish identity.1 Statement of the problemAlthough the beginning of the twentieth century in Britain demonstrated the rise of the suffrage movement and the implementation of the voting right s for females, the period of 1919-1939 revealed womens return to domesticity and motherhood. Despite the fact that there were some tensions between the former ideologies and new principles of females independence, British women successfully coped with the existing domestic restrictions and renewed the ideals of motherhood. However, the conditions of domesticity slightly differed in middle-class and working-class families due to different social status of these groups.2 IntroductionDuring the First terra firma War the usual females roles in Britain were exposed to some changes women substituted men in munitions factories and other plants, achieving a certain degree of independence. They faced new perspectives and managed to acquire financial security. However, in the post-war period the cult of domesticity gained much strength, and British females were forced to return to domesticity and motherhood. This sudden shift in roles can be explained by various social and political events o ccurred within the country.British society that experienced considerable difficulties after the War began to idealise women who addicted themselves to a family and, on the contrary, expressed enmity to those females who wanted to work and acquire economic independence. Thousands of women were discharged from factories and they could not find another place of employment. According to Jude Giles, the normal British papers constantly advocated the principles of domesticity and motherhood, strongly criticising unmarried females who challenged the existing socialstereotypes1. British fiction and films depicted women within domestic sphere, while all other spheres were dependent for females. Although the voting rights for females were preserved, constant attempts were made by some politicians to introduce certain restrictions into the process of voting.Thus, British society gradually returned to the traditional division of sexuality roles and, as Martin Pugh puts it, the period of 191 9-1939marked the start of a long-term trend towards marriage2. However, women considerably changed their marriages and their relations with men, demonstrating independence and strength. The aim of the dissertation is to analyse womens return to domesticity and motherhood in Britain in the years 1919-1939. The research is divided into several parts. Chapter 1 provides a statement of the problem that uncovers the principal thesis of the paper.Chapter 2 conducts a general overview of the discussed historical period and the position of women in Britain since 1900. Chapter 3 discusses the critical works that are written on the issue of domesticity and motherhood at the beginning of the twentieth century. Chapter 4 discusses the research methods that provide the basis for theoretical explanation of the changes in the position of both middle-class and working-class females.Chapter 5investigates in depth various aspects of the issue, such as the impact of historical events on women in the y ears 1919-1939, the social and political changes that resulted in womens return to domesticity and the depiction of these changes in British literature and mass media of the twentieth century. Chapter 6 analyses the results of the research, while Chapter 7 points at the limitations of the dissertation and gives suggestions for further research of the discussed issue.3 Review of the literatureThe issue of domesticity and motherhood in Britain in the years1919-1939 has been widely researched by critics. Deirdre Beddoes points out that it was the period when the notion that womens place is in the office was revived3. The researcher analyses women of middle-class society, suggesting that they greatly changed the ideals of domesticity and motherhood after the First World War. Sue Burley goes further inhere analysis she pays much attention to women of working class, trying to give a synthesis which will give us readers an overview of twentieth century femininity in Britain4 and demonstra ting womens difficulties in dealing with household duties and work.Burley regards the period of 1919-1939 as the times when a new family with a great emphasis on domesticity and motherhood was formed, but when many women were still engaged in various kinds of work outside home, such as military, banking, nursing and teaching spheres. Susan Kingsley Kent draws a parallel between the ideals of domesticity and various stages of the inter-war period. In particular, the researcher claims that at the beginning of the First World War British society adhered to the traditional division of gender roles, that is, women spent much time at home and men took part in the battle.Kent considers that, as the War progressed, women acquired males places, while men revealed passivity and became rather feminised5. In the post-war period the womens suffrage was widely opposed and criticised by British society, while females domesticity was keep by all possible means. However, Pat Thane challenges this v iewpoint by stating that there is reason to question the assumption that a reasserted ideology of domesticity was successfully imposed upon women in the 1930s6.Applying to a detailed observation of social, historical, economic and political contexts of 1919-1939 Thane demonstrates that the First World War did not change the position of women, but only slightly improved it. Billie Merman demonstrates that the cult of domesticity in Britain was maintained through British media, especially through such famous newspapers as the Express and the Mail.As the researcher states, From the beginning of 1919 the contemporary young woman was criticised on every conceivable ground. Her appearance was derided, her manners deplored and her newly gained freedom was regarded with suspicion7.Melman considers that the British government was afraid of females independence and made everything to travel by it. The only possible way to decrease the spread of the suffrage movement and females employment w as to force women to return to domesticity and motherhood. As a result, unmarried working females were accepted with great enmity, creating poor conditions of living for them, especially for working-class females.Sue Burley even claims that single British females were vilified as useless members of society8. Such a disadvantage viewpoint reveals the attempts of the British government to utilise gender differences for their own benefits. During the First World War females were treated as an important gender group that maintained industries, that is why working females were provided with certain rights. But the spot towards working females was greatly changed in the post-war period, when it was necessary to improve an economic situation in the country and decrease the level of mens unemployment.Deirdre Beddoes maintains the similar notion, as she states, In the inter-war years only one desirable image was held up to women by all the mainstream media agencies that of housemarried wo man and mother9. However, Marcus Collins suggests that at the beginning of the twentieth century patriarchal marriages in Great Britain were put backd by marriages based on equality and freedom, despite the attempts of the British government to destroy this equality10. In view of such ambiguous critical opinions, further analysis makes an attempt to overcome these differences and evaluate the extent of females return to domesticity and motherhood.4 Research methodologyThe research is conducted, applying to two theoretical methods feminist approach and a social constructionist approach. These theories provide an opportunity to analyse the issue of womens return to domesticity and motherhood in Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century from different perspectives and historical context. As a valid tool of analysis, the feminist approach observes womens position in Britain in the inter-war period, demonstrating the changes within society.It is also aimed at evaluating various literary works through political, social, economic and historical contexts, trying to reveal rightful(a) portrayal of females in both mens and womens writing. The social constructionist approach demonstrates that women follow the norms of society that assigns specific roles for both males and females. Thus, females sexuality is defined by cultural and social factors.5 Discussion5.1. Historical BackgroundUntil the end of the nineteenth century British women had been prohibited any display of free will and independence instead, they had to follow the existing social norms that defined them the roles of wife and a mother, depriving females of the opportunity to receive education or work. This especially regarded women of the upper and middle classes who had to overpower males in everything, because men controlled all aspects of social, cultural and political life in Britain. They also controlled familys property, thus a wife received nothing, if she decided to fall apart even her c hildren remained with husband.In view of such norms, it was a disgrace for a man, if his wife expressed a desire for work as Jane MacDiarmid puts it, Middle-class women were ladies for whom waged work was demeaning, indeed a slur on middle-class manhood11. However, the position of British women began to slightly change with the rise of the suffrage movement, on the one hand, and the inability of females to find inappropriate match, on the other hand. Some females made weak attempts to receive education and achieve independence, but in the majority of cases parents did not allow them to acquire specific professions.Gradually, the number of British women who did not have any occupation and could not marry became so intensified that British society gain the necessity of providing women with some occupation and professional skills. But as Althea Cullen reveals, the question of creating employment for needy gentlewomen posed severe social problems in a period when lady and work were co ntradictions in terms12.The fact is that British patriarchal society continued to impose restrictions on females occupation, wishing to preserve their position of a wife and another and forbidding them to interfere into males jobs. As the majority of girls in Britain received a crucial part of their education in the home13, they could only work as governess, nurses or teachers.If women in Britain wanted to receive another occupation, such as drawing or banking, they had to acquire specific vocational training. Although some educational establishments, same Bedford College, the Female School of Design and Queens College were established to provide females with necessary knowledge in teaching skills and art, the number of women in these colleges was disastrously low. British society continued to maintain its previous stereotypes and considered it inappropriate for females to be earnestly engaged in such activity as art or writing, because the serious pursuit of art was incompatible w ith the demands of marriage and domesticity it unsexed women14.When the First World War began, British females received an opportunity to replace men in the working places. Women of the middle-class society were mainly engaged in civil activity, while females of the working-class society worked on munitions factories and other industries. As Pugh states, in 1918 more than 110,000 females worked indifferent places15. However, by 1919 the situation in Britain had changed and women started to gradually return to domesticity and motherhood.On the other hand, this return was different for working-class females and middle-class females. The introductory group of women had used to work before the First World War and their position did not change much in the post-war period, except some improvements unemployment. But the second group of females entered occupations which they would have never dreamt of pursuing in normal circumstances16. As a result, some of them abandoned the work after t he end of the First World War, while others continued to perform their professional duties, though the British government made everything to suppress such females activity.5.2. Domesticity and motherhood in Britain in the years 1919-1939The First World War aggravated the living conditions of British people and intensified the problems that had already existed in the country in the pre-war period. For instance, the spread of genital diseases began to threaten womens fertility17, and various social changes inspired by the War resulted in the decrease of the countrys power, especially in the sphere of economics.The conditions of females and children in Great Britain were especially complex. In the absence of men, females began to realise that they had to take responsibility for their homes and children on themselves however, they were also forced to substitute males on their working places. In addition, those males who were not killed in the War were psychologically destroyed by the wa r experience and the difficult economic conditions, with which people collided in the post-war period.As Sally Alexander puts it, After the War, the sexual division of labour was again a source of friction18. Thousands of British males who came back home in 1919 realised that their jobs were taken away by females. Thus, men could no longer support their families in inappropriate way and women refused to abandon their jobs. Such a shifting economic positions of women and men resulted in mens unemployment that was proved by the official data of the twentieth century19. Some men had to send their children in search of a work to South or even sell them, this especially regarded young girls of British miners who lost their jobs in the post-war period. Men started to experience the lack of dignity that usually resulted in the destruction of a family or their own personalities.The situation was complicated by serious economic depression of 1921that was a direct consequence of the First Wor ld War, as many industries in Britain were destroyed. Besides, the country that lost great part of male population during the War was impaired and required fresh force to cope with the negative consequences of the War. As Kent claims, marriage and marital sex bore the brunt of restoring social harmony in post-war Britain20.The British government understood that it was crucial to restore the traditional division of gender roles. As women returned to domesticity and motherhood, they were gradually transformed into new females. In the pre-war period British women occupied lower legal, cultural and social position than males, but the changes inspired by the War and the suffrage movement resulted in the improvement of womens conditions21.In particular, females turned from passive creatures to active figures, while men changed into indifferent personalities. In addition, the British parliamentary franchise was extended to women aged 30 years Andover who were occupiers, or wives of occupie rs, of land or premises of not less than five pounds annual evaluate22. It was also given to those females who had a university degree. This was an important change in females position, because since 1832 franchise had been given only tamales in Britain, according to the Great Reform Act23.New females made constant attempts to improve their marriages and their education, following the ideas of freedom and equality. For instance, they managed to create a great number of Womens Clubs and gathered there to discuss various females issues or oppose some legal decisions. The fact is that, although British government provided females with the voting rights, it still restricted their participation in certain spheres of political, economic, cultural and social life24. Some British politicians considered that young females would support only one political party, thus they challenged the necessity to give legal rights to women, instead suppressing their freedom of actions and choice. As a res ult, the impact of women as voters on politics and policy was slight, except possibly to reinforce conservative and Conservative Party values, including traditional values ofdomesticity25.However, as women began to succeed in both domestic and working spheres, they proved their abilities to combine professional careers with the position of a wife and a mother. Females realised that family is their main responsibility, but according to Rhea Dorr, groundwork is not contained within the four walls of an individual home, Home is the community. The city full of people is the Family. The public school is the real glasshouse. And badly do the Home and the Family and the Nursery need their mother26. If British females failed to prove their rights in peace negotiations with political leaders, they turned to active military actions that usually ended in their imprisonment.The years 1919-1939 in Britain are featureised by the spread of hunger-strikes among women that were usually suppressed by the government. Therefore, these women passed the way from the gallant girls of the eighteenth century to domestic women and feminists of the twentieth century. Some females worked as thorny as men both during and after the First World War, running the risk of miscarriage, starvation or death, though British media, as Deirdre Beddoes claims, concealed these facts, instead introducing the stereotypic ideals of females that were changed from time to time due to social, cultural and political changes27.The British government continued to implicitly oppose womens involvement into the working industrial process, maintaining the notion that if married females earned money, they deprived men and unmarried females of the opportunity to earn theirliving28. Such a viewpoint can be understood, if taken into account serious unemployment in Britain in 1920s. As a result, the greater part of married British women was unemployed in the period of 1919-1939.Even in 1928 when females managed to achieve equality in voting rights, their political involvement declined still further, reinforced by powerful and effective social pressure upon women to give primacy to their domestic roles29. specialised official policies were implemented in Britain to make women return to domesticity, as the First World War wasover30.Those married women who still worked were exposed to social rejection and punishment in other cases, women were driven over the edge, as owners of industrial companies made them perform the same amount of work as men who were physically stronger than women. As one female worker claimed, He husband might as well have a wooden woman. Were that tired by the end of the evening were fit for nothing31. As a result, many British companies preferred to hire men for different kinds of work, especially in factories, while women were hired only for seasonal or temporary activities, if there was shortage of man power during complex periods of manufacturing.As British women rece ived training only in hold and crafts, they were not allowed for qualified jobs in offices or banks32. Infect, they were suited only for household work, especially if women were more than thirty. Young girls were more appropriate for a job, because they required less salary than men and older women. Thus, women had no choice but to fully involve in domesticity and motherhood, finding new interests in this routine.It was only in 1939 that the attitude towards women began to change, and many industries preferred to hire women rather than girls or men. The formation of trade unions in Britain greatly contributed to these changes. However, British women were still forbidden to work at wickedness and, in this regard, their earnings were comparatively low33. Such a situation had existed until the end of the twentieth century.British literature of the twentieth century reflects the conditions of women after the First World War, simultaneously revealing that womens return to domesticity an d motherhood did not deprive females of the opportunity to take part in certain occupations, especially, art, writing, home design, nursing, gardening, banking34. For instance, in diary of a idyll doll Elizabeth Monica Delafield creates a woman who lives in English countryside in the midst of Two World Wars and who tries to combine her household duties with her attempts to become writer.This female vitrine has to deal with a lazy and tedious husband, disobedient children, quarrelsome servants and other arrogant people who surround her in the village, such as Lady Bakeshop and Lady Boxed. She tries to please the members of her family in all possible ways, but receives nothing in return, except complaints and whims. In particular, her husband Robert constantly keeps silence and ignores her, as the tike Lady claims, Speak of this to Robert, who returns no answer. Perhaps he is afraid of repeating himself?35Robert is used to sit lazily and read a newspaper or a book, while his wife controls everything in the house Robert comes very late and says he must have dropped over the Times36.Robert makes no attempt to substantiate his wife and does not want to help her instead he is absorbed in his inner world, in his thoughts and personal matters. However, the Provincial Lady is truly devoted to Robert and her children robin and Vicky, although she tries to conceal her feelings from other people, especially her neighbours. Delafield shows that British society does not understand such devotion and love instead, it forces people to adhere to strict norms and act like machines that possess no emotions and feelings.When the Provincial Lady talks with Lady B. about Robin, she states that I refer to himin a detached way as the boy so that she shant think I am foolish about him37. In fact, the Provincial Lady implicitly criticises society, in which she lives, when she uncovers her inner thoughts through her diary. On the other hand, Delafield embodies her ideals of domest icity in the timbre of the Provincial Lady, portraying her as an ideal mother, a wife and a woman who successfully copes with all affairs, including childrens upbringing.The writer intensifies these images of domesticity and motherhood by contrasting the Provincial Lady with other characters, such as Robert, Lady Boxed and Lady Bakeshop. As the narrator claims at the beginning of the Diary, seed the indoor bulbs. Just as I am in the middle of them, Lady Boxed calls. I say, untruthfully, how nice to see her38.These words reveal that the Provincial Lady tries to maintain good relations with everyone, including her family, friends, relatives and neighbours, but simultaneously they demonstrate that she is overwhelmed with household duties, while other people lead lazy existence.Although her family belongs to middle-class society, the Provincial Lady considers that it is her responsibility to take control over her household. She realises that in such a complex inter-war period she need s all her strength and wit to support her family and save it. On the contrary, her husband avoids any household work, failing to realise that his wife is the only person who tries to save her family from destruction. In this regard, the Provincial Lady proves to be stronger than her husband who is portrayed as a passive creature without any hopes and desires. However, the principal female character perceives reality with enthusiasm and understanding.It is an unusual sense of wittiness that helps the Provincial Lady to perfectly deal with various people and events. For instance, when she goes to her sons school for a meeting, she ironically describes this visit Find that history, as usual, repeats itself percolate strong tendency to exchange with fellow-parents exactly the same remarks as last year, and the year before it39. In this regard, this female character demonstrates not only a complete devotion to her family, but also wit and politeness. The latter features also allow her t o write essays and sketches for The Provincial Lady Goes Further. Although this woman is used to live in middle-class society that is obsessed with gossips and secrets, she constantly reveals her difference from other members.The Provincial Lady often challenges daily life of women throughout the narration, claiming that she is not able to understand them and their style of life. According to the feminist approach, women were usually misrepresented in literature40 however, such female writers as Elizabeth Monica Delafield, Jan Struthers and Virginia Woolf make attempts to overcome the traditional image of women, instead introducing a truthful portrayal of middle-class females. The female character of Jan Strutherss literary work Mgrs.Minivan is also a symbol of British domesticity before the Second World War. Portraying daily life of Mgrs. Minivan, the writer uncovers the tensions between domestic ideologies of 1919-1939 and the feminist movement that emerged at the end of the nine teenth century. However, through the principal female character that belongs to the middle-class society Struthers reveals that at the beginning of the twentieth century women managed to overcome domestic restrictions by reviving domesticity and motherhood, but not by opposing these ideologies. In fact, Struthers demonstrates the attempts of females to balance new domestic ideology with traditional domesticity.Similar to the Provincial Lady, Mgrs. Minivan describes her household duties and her struggle for independence in the inter-war period. As Jan Struthers herself managed to combine her duties of a wife with a career of a writer, she was well aware of the inability of some females to accept the pressure of social norms.In Mgrs. Minivan the writer depicts domestication through the characters privacy and self- respect. She is an ideal of a good woman and a wife who is not destroyed by household duties and childrens upbringing. Instead, Mgrs. Minivan utilises domesticity to shape h er spirit and improve her inner world. As Judy Giles puts it, educated women may have enjoyed a degree of privacy, directly connected to the home and its pleasures, in which to nurture forms of selfhood unknown to either their mothers or their daughters41.Despite the fact that Mgrs. Minivan has fewer servants than she used to have in the pre-war period, she has more freedom and more opportunities. After the War middle-class society lost their servants, as they were young girls who began to work on factories however, some devoted servants remained in the disposition of these people. As Mgrs. Minivan does not have to work hard to earn her living, she utilises her knowledge to reveal herself through domestic activity, including cooking, upbringing, childcare and interior design. Gradually, a woman manages to create a true home, a private room of ones own, as Virginia Woolf claims in her essays42.As a housewife has much free time, she is able to improve her skills income occupations. A woman no longer feels herself in a prison, but instead she transforms her home into a sacred place such a change is obvious throughout Strutherss narration. As Mgrs. Minivan states, not that she didnt enjoy the holiday but she always felt a little relieved when they were over. Her normal life pleased her so well that she was half afraid to step out of its frame in case one day she should find herself unable to get back43.The principal female character does not make an attempt to run away from reality, but she finds many pleasurable things in her home, unlike females of the nineteenth century who suffered much under the control of their parents and husbands. Domesticity becomes an important part of her soul the writer describes her domestic activities in much detail to reveal Mgrs. Minivans obsession with her work Tea was already displace Three new library books lay virginally on the fender-stool The clock on the mantelpiece chimed, very softly and precisely, five times44.Mgrs. Min ivan, similar to the Provincial Lady, likes her home and is truly devoted to her family. She manages to find her independence in domesticity and motherhood besides, she receives an opportunity to think much about her life and the world around her. Mgrs. Minivans domestic activity satisfies her needs, although she collides with difficulties from time to time. But the characters intelligence allows her to create an unusual approach to domestic affairs she managed to keep household matters in what she considered their proper place.They should be no more, she felt, than a low, unobtrusive humming in the background of consciousness the mechanics of life should never be allowed to interfere with living45. Mgrs. Minivan follows such an approach in everything, even in childrens upbringing. She reveals certain respect towards children Judy, Vin and Toby and provides them with freedom of actions, simultaneously maintaining her own independence. This viewpoint positively contributes to her r elations with a husband Clem, because Mgrs. Minivan considers every relationships a pair of intersecting circles46. Although Mgrs. Minivan is really c lag to her husband, she is also separated from him, as she preserves some parts of her identity to herself.Therefore, this female character is portrayed as a splendid mother and wife, but she is also a great individual, because she does not allow domesticity to destroy her identity, although many females were psychologically destroyed by household duties in the nineteenth century. Mgrs. Minivan strives for privacy thus almost nothing is known about her, except her thoughts and humour. However, it is through her words, domestic affairs and relations with other people that Struthers uncovers Mgrs. Minivan.Applying to the character of Mgrs. Minivan, the writer wants to prove that domesticity provides an opportunity for self-development. In this regard, domesticity is not a barrier to independence and growth on the contrary, as the femini st approach demonstrates, it can bring many positive results for both a woman and her family, if a person knows how to rightfully utilise them47. does not lose her sense of humour, her power and independence even under really complex conditions.When the Second World War begins, she makes constant attempts to preserve her home and save the members of her family. The character does everything with enthusiasm and reveals unusual spirit in all affairs. When Mgrs. Minivan goes shopping, she observes other people when she does some work, she tries to diversify this daily routine. Similar to the Provincial Lady, Mgrs. Minivan mainta